But unusual values or unusual value combinations found at short tandem repeat markers (STRs) can also provide the basis of additional taxonomisation. Hum Genet 2004; 114: 127148. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cinnioglu C et al. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup G (hg G) is currently defined as one of the 20 standard haplogroups comprising the global Y-chromosome phylogeny.1 The phylogeographic demarcation zone of hg G is largely restricted to populations of the Caucasus and the Near/Middle East and southern Europe. [citation needed] These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Rootsi, S., Myres, N., Lin, A. et al. L2b1a. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . The second component, influenced by the relatively high presence of M377, separates Ashkenazi Jews from other populations (Figure 3a). Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. Men from the Caucasus and men from eastern Europe also form distinctive STR clusters. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11: 535542. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Blanco-Verea A, Brion M, Pascali VL : Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent duplication events at the DYS19 locus. It was found with burial artifacts belonging to the Linearbandkeramische Kultur ("Linear Band Ceramic Culture"; LBK). In the case of the general frequency pattern of hg G, panel (a) was obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 together with data taken from the literature, concerning 569 individuals representing 7 populations comprising Algerians,47 Oromo and Amhara Ethiopians,48 and Berbers, Arabs and Saharawis from Morocco.49 Dots on the map (a) indicate the approximate locations of the sampled populations. [29][30][31] 3% of North African Berbers were found to be haplogroup G.[32] 2% of Arab Moroccans and 0.8% of Berber Moroccans were likewise found to be G.[33]. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 5061. More distantly, G2a3a-M406 occurs in Italy (3%) with a Td of 8100 years ago, consistent with the model of maritime Neolithic colonization of the Italian peninsula from coastal Anatolia and/or the Levant. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (2021), European Journal of Human Genetics (2020), European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) The general frequency pattern of hg G overall (Figure 2a) shows that the spread of hg G extends over an area from southern Europe to the Near/Middle East and the Caucasus, but then decreases rapidly toward southern and Central Asia. [39], Haplogroup G-M377 has been found at a frequency of 60% out of a sample of five Pashtuns in the Wardak region of Afghanistan. Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C et al. CAS Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 694704. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 29052920. The L91 mutation is found at 21327383 and rs35474563 on the Y-chromosome. The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. All G-M377 men tested so far also have a rare null value for the DYS425 marker, (a missing "T" allele of the DYS371 palindromic STR), the result of a RecLOH event, a finding not yet seen among most other G haplotypes. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. First, we calculated haplogroup diversity using data in Supplementary Table S1 for the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. Herein . In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. The 12f2a mutation, which characterizes haplogroup J, was observed in 445 subjects. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. [24] Haplogroup G-M201 is believed to have been relatively absent during Neolithic India; the frequencies of the G2a-P15 subclade for example was negligible in indigenous Indian populations. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Until 2008, new G SNPs were reported from labs at the University of Arizona (P designations), Stanford University (M designations) or the University of Central Florida (U designations). Origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 97889791. We performed principal component analysis to determine the affinities of various hg G fractions with respect to total M201 among different populations, using the frequency distributions of the following sub-clades: M285, P20, M377, M287, P287, P15*, P16, M286, M485, P303*, L497, U1*, M527, M406 and Page19. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68: 10191029. New insights into the Tyrolean Icemans origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing. These are found at: rs9786910, rs9786537, rs2713254, rs35567891 and rs34621155 on the Y chromosome. Spatial frequency maps for sub-clades (panels bf) were obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc.), following the kriging algorithm with option to use bodies of water as breaklines. The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective. Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J : High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. The hg G2a3b1c-L497 sub-cluster, on the other hand, has so far been found essentially in European populations and therefore is probably autochthonous to Europe. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. Y-STR haplotypes were used to construct phylogenetic networks for haplogroups G-P303, G-P16 and G-M377, using the program Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering, Suffolk, England, UK) and applying the median-joining algorithm. Hum Genet 2009; 126: 707717. Internet Explorer). The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. The Etruscans: a population-genetic study. First, here is the only region with co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity of haplogroup G. Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 873882. In the Greek island of Crete, approximately 7%[18] to 11%[19] of males belong to haplogroup G. The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. The presence of M527 in Provence, southern Italy and Ukraine may reflect subsequent Greek maritime Iron Age colonization events16 and perhaps, given its appearance among the Druze and Palestinians, even episodes associated with the enigmatic marauding Sea Peoples.42. We emphasize that our assessments are based solely on contemporary DNA distributions rather than actual prehistoric patterns. The identification of a new SNP can necessitate renaming of one or more categories. Russ J Genet 2004; 40: 326331. It has an extremely low frequency in modern populations, except (i) Iran and its western neighbors, and (ii) a region straddling south Central Siberia (Russia) and northern Kazakhstan. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80: 759768. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. [20] The city is on the banks of the river Drava, which notably begins in the Tirol/Tyrol region of the Alps, another haplogroup G focus area in Europe. (b) Principal component analysis by hg G sub-clades: (A) M285, P20, P287, P15, L92 P16, M286, M485, P303, U1, L497, M527, M406, Page19, M287 and M377 sub-haplogroups with respect to total M201. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of . The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language. Although progress has been recently made in resolving the haplogroup G phylogeny, a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of the significant sub-clades of this haplogroup has not been conducted yet. The highest percentage of G-P303 persons in a discrete population so far described is on the island of Ibiza off the eastern Spanish coast. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. There were only a few G categories until 2008 when major revisions to categories were made. Ashkenazi Jewish G2a1a men with northeastern European ancestry form a distinct cluster based on STR marker values. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan.
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