why did hoover lose the 1932 election

In the long term, the election marked the beginning of Democratic dominance in presidential elections and American politics. At the Democratic convention in Chicago two weeks later, Roosevelt had the support of a majority of the delegates, but the Democratic Party rules required a two-thirds majority to win nomination. The timing of Hoover's presidency was unfortunate. The majority of Smith's support came from the northeast while Roosevelt's support came from the south and west. He won in the Ohio primary as he was the only candidate on the ballot, but the delegates were instructed by the convention and not the primary. By inauguration dayMarch 4, 1933most banks had shut down, industrial production had fallen to just 56 percent of its 1929 level, at least 13 million wage earners were unemployed, and farmers were in desperate straits. [3], Dawes was proposed as a replacement for Vice President Charles Curtis, who faced opposition due to his age and prohibitionist stances, and delegations from over twenty states opposed the renomination of Curtis. Just talk to our smart assistant Amy and she'll connect you with the best A History of U.S. Presidential Elections in Maps, https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1932, History Central - Presidential Elections 1932, Maps of World - U.S. Presidential Election 1932, United States presidential election of 1928, United States presidential election of 1936. By 1932, Hoover was so unpopular that he had no realistic hope of being re-elected, and Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York won that year's presidential election in November by a. National Archives and Records Administration. The Republican platform promised continued prosperity with lower taxes, a protective tariff, opposition to farm subsidies, the creation of a new farm agency to assist cooperative marketing associations, and the vigorous enforcement of Prohibition. Theodore Joslin started a publicity campaign to improve Hoover's image. This election marks the last time as of 2023 that a Republican presidential candidate won a majority of black and African-American votes: as New Deal policies took effect, the strong support of black voters for these programs began a transition from their traditional support for Republicans to providing solid majorities for Democrats. His attempts to campaign in public were a disaster, as he often had objects thrown at him or his vehicle as he rode through city streets. He used troops and tear gas to move them. Hoover was a republican who believed in laissez-faire. Five thousand banks had closed. On July 31, 1931, an article by James F. Coupal, Coolidge's former White House physician, was published by the St. Paul Dispatch in which Coupal stated that Coolidge would run "if the people of this country evince an unmistakable and unquestionable desire to draft him to pull the country out of this period of depression, and if he can have the presidency without any political or other obligations attached to it". Franklin D. Roosevelt, the governor of New York and the man who had twice nominated Al Smith, held the lead among convention delegates. "More than 40 million voters went to the polls in 1932, a record number. Elected in 1928, he took office in March of 1929, shortly before the stock market crash of October of 1929 and the Great . He showed something different to Hoover, who had said Let events take their course. People were hungry, poor, in debt and homeless, Roosevelt offered them the help that they needed. [3][6]:34, The convention was held in Chicago between June 27 and July 2. Direct link to Jeff Kelman's post "Though Hoover has gained, Posted 6 years ago. Before becoming president, Hoover directed relief efforts to supply war-torn Europe and Russia during and after the, After the 1929 stock market crash, the Hoover administration attempted to mitigate the negative effects of the, Hoover won the Republican nomination in the 1928 presidential election after Republican President, Once in office, Hoover sought to reform the nations regulatory system. Banks and businesses were closing every day and unemployment was soaring. He lost his re-election bid to Democratic nominee . [3], Both Smith and Roosevelt were against Prohibition, but Smith supported making it a main issue during the campaign while Roosevelt did not. to help you write a unique paper. Hoover, who was nominated by Joseph Scott, won renomination on the first ballot while France only received four delegates. The largest swing since came for the Democrats in 1976, when the swing from George McGovern in 1972 to Jimmy Carter was 12.61%. Farmers got into debt by buying more livestock to help them bring in more money and losing out on crops. It sounds like they were also blaming Coolidge. They hadnt cleared a cent at the end of the year. If you have a complaint about the editorial content which relates to All rights reserved. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. After 1932, Democrats would control the Presidency for 32 of the next 48 years. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Could you support your position with some data as to how this would have worked, since it seems he pretty much continued Coolidge's approach for the first couple of years after the October 1929 stock market crash? [28] This was the first election since 1916 (16 years earlier) in which the Democratic candidate won. McCarthy chose his own way to deal with wartime protestors camping at the White House. He had won primaries in California, Oregon, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Maryland. [3], Norman Thomas, who had been the Socialist Party of America's presidential nominee in the 1928 election and ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in the 1930 election, and James H. Maurer, who was the party's vice-presidential nominee in the 1928 election, were given the Socialist Party presidential and vice-presidential nominations at the national convention held May 2124 in Milwaukee. While the Democratic platform downplayed the issue, Smith brought it to the fore by telling Democrats at the convention that he wanted "fundamental changes" in Prohibition legislation; shortly thereafter, Smith called openly for Prohibition's repeal, angering Southern Democrats. In his speech, he stated, "ours must be a party of liberal thought, of planned action, of the enlightened international outlook, and of the greatest good to the greatest number of our citizens. If we buy foreign products, that enables their people to buy our products, and prices are kept down both directions. I note that the Glass Steagall Act was enacted in June of 1933. FDR's Democratic Party would win the next four presidential elections and its philosophy of "New Deal liberalism" would emerge as the nation's guiding political ideology. He repeatedly returned to the phrase "New Deal" throughout the campaign, although he rarely offered details on the programs or policies he might pursue. One of his schemes was to introduce tariffs on imported goods. The. In a series of addresses carefully prepared by a team of advisers popularly known as the Brain Trust, he promised aid to farmers, public development of electric power, a balanced budget, and government policing of irresponsible private economic power. In the short term, though, FDR's victory removed the burden of leadership from Hoover; the Great Depression officially became Roosevelt's problem in March 1933. Copyright 2023 service.graduateway.com. FDR responded by comparing Hoover's record to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: "Destruction, Delay, Despair, and Doubt. The Democrats reduced their spending with their amount falling from $550,000 during the 1928 election to $343,415 during the 1932 election. Herbert Hoover also failed to flip any counties. The Minnesota FarmerLabor Party did not support the national party's ticket. The vote cast for Hoover, and the fact that in only one section of the nation (West South Central) did he have less than 500,000 votes and in only three states outside of the South less than 50,000 votes, made it clear that the nation remained a two-party electorate, and that everywhere, despite the overwhelming triumph of the Democrats, there was a party membership devoted to neither the new administration nor the proposals of the Socialist candidate who had polled 75% of the "other" vote (as well as the highest raw vote total of his campaigns).[30]. the great depresssion was caused by everybody at the time. 1932 was a political realignment election: not only did Roosevelt win a sweeping victory over Hoover, but Democrats significantly extended their control over the U.S. House, gaining 101 seats, and also gained 12 seats in the U.S. Senate to gain control of the chamber. Registration number: 7252303643 However, the relative appeal of the two candidates in 1932 and the decline of the appeal of Hoover as compared with 1928 are shown in the fact that the Republican vote increased in 1932 in only 87 counties, while the Democratic vote increased in 3,003 counties. In the 1932 presidential election Franklin Roosevelt received 472 electoral votes. Direct link to Natana Brown's post I actually want to know w, Posted 2 years ago. At the same time, the Anti-Saloon League, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and other supporters of the temperance movement exploited Smith's anti-Prohibition politics, dubbing him "Al-coholic" Smith, spreading rumors about his own addiction to drink, and linking him with moral decline. This website and associated newspapers adhere to the Independent Press Standards Organisation's Direct link to David Alexander's post We make a mistake when we, Posted 2 years ago. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, Notice of Non-Discrimination and Equal Opportunity. Hoover had won over 58% of the popular vote in the 1928 presidential election, but his share of the popular vote declined to 39.6% in 1932. Explains that roosevelt's inauguration marked the beginning of a new era and the urgency on capitol hill that had not been seen since the founding fathers. Nothing was said about trade associations, technology, or the promise of prosperity. His confidence and warm character made him popular with the American people and he employed modern election tactics such as visiting the people and using the media. In this case in 1932 and 1933, Herbert Hoover fundamentally regarded the proposed New Deal FDR had campaigned on as an illegitimate use of presidential and federal power, and something that he wanted to stop as much as he possibly could. "[10] Roosevelt's trip to Chicago was the first of several successful, precedent-making moves designed to make him appear to be the candidate of change in the election. But by November 1932, their relationship had chilled. Roosevelt announced his campaign on January 23, 1932. They voted overwhelmingly for Roosevelt, who beat Hoover by 7 million votes and captured forty-two of the forty-eight states. See answer (1) Copy. Hoover was born on August 10, 1874, in West Branch . Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island were the only states whose delegations did not support Roosevelt on the final ballot. He made many mistakes. That's a shame. The depression was the only issue of consequence in the presidential campaign of 1932. "Election of 1932", in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.. Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. One of his schemes was to introduce tariffs on imported goods. Direct link to vsk29559's post Is the Hoover Dam still o, Posted a year ago. He said he was waging a war against destruction, delay, deceit and despair. He tried to restart the economy with tax cuts in 1930 and 1931 and to persuade business leaders not to cut wages. In one section (West South Central), the Republican percentage sank to 16.21%, but in no other section did the party poll less than 30% of the vote cast. Since the last president to lose all three levers of power, Herbert Hoover in 1932, only two elected presidents have run for and lost a second term: Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Why did US President Herbert Hoover lose the 1932 US presidential election? Smith had won those areas by 210,000 votes in the 1928 election while Roosevelt won by 1,791,000 votes. Half of the total vote of the nation was cast in just eight states (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin); in these states, Hoover polled 8,592,163 votes. the 1932 presidential election was seen as america's chance to take a new path. But Smith wanted to try again, and other Democrats, notably powerful House Speaker John Nance Garner of Texas, also sought the nomination. I believe that H, Posted 3 years ago. His most notable achievement was the creation of Americas first state-run relief agency. The people were desperate and they saw communist countries such as the USSR as prosperous nations; capitalism was seen to be failing. Were they just pointing fingers at anyone that could have done anything that spurred on the great depression? [3], Seventeen states used primaries to select their delegates to the national conventions while the rest used a convention system. Another reason why people supported Roosevelt was that they were in debt. We want our comments to be a lively and valuable part of our community - a place where readers can debate and engage with the most important local issues. The world economy thrives on trade in both directions. Banks and businesses were closing every day and unemployment was soaring. For the results of the subsequent election, see United States presidential election of 1936. (See Domestic Affairs section for details. Also people supported Roosevelt because they were poor. And then in 1940, Wilkie picked up more than 600 counties from Roosevelt, and still lost the election to him by eight points. The electoral college tally was even more lopsided, 444 to 87. Roosevelt, the Democratic candidate, received 22,817,883 votes (57.41%), the largest vote ever cast for a candidate for the Presidency up until that time, and over 1,425,000 more than that cast for Hoover four years earlier. Democrats hoped that Smith could unify the party and defeat Hoover, something that few political pundits at the time considered even remotely possible. [13] Roosevelt's Protestant background prevented the anti-Catholic attacks Smith faced in 1928, and The Depression seemed to be of much greater concern among the American public than previous cultural battles. Thomas J. Walsh, an ally of Roosevelt, was elected to chair the convention against Shouse by a vote of 626 to 528. So, "he" didn't do it. His administration laid the groundwork for what became the, In 1929, the stock market crash catalyzed the onset of the. Retrieved July 31, 2005.Source (electoral vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 17891996". Hoover's reputation waned further, and his political future darkened, after General MacArthur routed the Bonus Army from its camps in Washington, D.C., much to the horror of the American public. These things take time and LOTS of people to create. People supported Roosevelt because of many reasons. How would Hoover's presidency been different had he been able to help mitigate the effects of the Great Depression? Besides having policy differences, the two candidates presented a stark contrast in personal demeanour as well. Source: Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. [3], Simeon D. Fess, who had become chair of the Republican National Committee with Hoover's support, resigned from his position and was replaced by Everett Sanders with Hoover's support. 40, loc. The main reason that Hoover lost was the fact that the US was in a great depression. [19] During the campaign, Roosevelt ran on many of the programs that would later become part of the New Deal during his presidency. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Roosevelt won 472 electoral votes, against Hoover's 59. 37th quadrennial U.S. presidential election, Herbert Brucker, How Long, O Prohibition?, The Presidential Vote, 18961932, Edgar E. Robinson, pg. Roosevelt's worst performance in the country was in the eastern United States where all six of the states that voted for Hoover came from. The 1932 Presidential election was fought between Franklin Roosevelt of the Democrats and Herbert Hover of the Republicans. Roosevelt was widely considered the front-runner at the start of the 1932 Democratic National Convention, but was not able to clinch the nomination until the fourth ballot of the convention. Republicans had dominated the presidency for almost the entire period from 1860, save two terms each won by Grover Cleveland and by Woodrow Wilson (who benefited from a split in the Republican Party in 1912). Hoover's opponents in the Republican Party supported giving either former President Calvin Coolidge or Senator Dwight Morrow the party's presidential nomination. The ability to comment on our stories is a privilege, not a right, however, and that privilege may be withdrawn if it is abused or misused. Herbert Hoover. Have Any U.S. Presidents Decided Not to Run For a Second Term? James Farley, the chair of the New York State Democratic Committee and later Roosevelt's presidential campaign manager, had the New York committee pass a resolution opposing declarations before the national convention was held. (Read Eleanor Roosevelts Britannica essay on Franklin Roosevelt. The election was held on November 8, 1932. Following the landslide defeat of former President Herbert Hoover at the previous presidential election in 1932, combined with devastating congressional losses that year, the Republican Party was largely seen as rudderless. Why or why not? For example, the Ricketts who got into four hundred dollars debt to buy mules. . The Roosevelt ticket swept every region of the country except the Northeast, and carried many reliable Republican states that had not been carried by the Democrats since their electoral landslide of 1912, when the Republican vote was split in two. He offered them hope of a brighter future. Now I'm 75 years old, and Social Security is my major source of monthly income. Party regulars grudgingly supported Hoover, but they neither liked nor trusted him. A. Harry Moore was a favorite son candidate supported by Lewis, but the delegation of his home state New Jersey voted for Smith. Correct writing styles (it is advised to use correct citations) When the Republican convention in Kansas City began in the summer of 1928, the fifty-three-year-old Herbert Hoover was on the verge of winning his party's nomination for President. The Literary Digest's polling predicted that Thomas would receive over two million votes. Roosevelt was endorsed at the state convention in Mississippi, but the delegates were left uninstructed. "Though Hoover has gained a reputation for dithering in the face of economic peril, his administration actually pursued measures that helped lay the basis for Roosevelts New Deal.". The word "Hooverize," which in 1917 carried positive images in the public mind, had undergone a similar transformation; by 1932, "Hooverville" had come to represent the dirty shacks in which the unemployed and homeless now lived, with "Hoover Flags" denoting the turned-out pockets of men's trousers as they stood in bread lines. Hoover lacked leadership and assurance, whereas Roosevelt had them, which is what the people wanted. It is important that we continue to promote these adverts as our local businesses need as much support as possible during these challenging times. Joseph Taylor Robinson, who had been Smith's vice-presidential running mate, announced that he would not be a candidate on March 31, 1932, and gave his support to Franklin D. Roosevelt. He made many mistakes. Did Hoover's early career effectively prepare him for the presidency? In 1929 six hundred and fifty banks were declared bankrupt. One reason was that they had lost their jobs. [23], Roosevelt employed the radio to great effect during the campaign. Herbert Hoover. Indeed, Roosevelt spoke in such generalities and exuded so much optimism that some commentators wondered if he understood the extraordinary challenges facing the nation. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. Many people lived in shantytowns named Hoover Ville, in houses made of tin cans and packing boxes. Among important Republican constituencies, he had the support of women, progressives, internationalists, the new business elite, and corporate interests. The election marked the effective end of the Fourth Party System, which had been dominated by Republicans. [20] Roosevelt emphasized working collectively through an expanded federal government to confront the economic crisis, a contrast to Hoover's emphasis on individualism. Get original paper in 3 hours and nail the task. Farley predicted that Roosevelt would win in forty-four states and later congratulated Sanders on his imagination and courage when Sanders predicted that Hoover would win 338 electoral votes. Smith's Catholicism and opposition to Prohibition hurt him, but the more decisive factor was that Hoover ran as the candidate of prosperity and economic growth. He lost the election to Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. Vicious rumors and openly hateful anti-Catholic rhetoric hit Smith hard and often in the months leading up to election day. - investment: down by 98% between 1929-1931- manufacturing: down by 54% between 1929-1931 Many people were simply tramping the highways seeking food and work. This page was last edited on 26 April 2023, at 14:26. Hoover's political problems during his termhis repeated failures to muster congressional support for his policiesdid not help his chances for re-election, either. Smith controlled the delegates from four states. An attempt to have progressive leaders in multiple states run against Hoover failed and Borah stated that Hoover could not be defeated. "The Republicans swept the election in November. The Democratic convention chose a leading Southern Democrat, Speaker of the House John Nance Garner of Texas, as the party's vice presidential nominee. (2017, Jul 22). He was disliked by the people, and they would not vote for him. The power of incumbency was huge. The first vote was taken at 4:28 on the morning of July 2, after ten hours of speeches that had begun at 5:00 on the previous afternoon. [24] Roosevelt took great pains to hide the effects of the disease from voters, instituting a "gentleman's agreement" with the press that he not be photographed in ways that would highlight his disability.[26]. During the depression he became known as a humane and effective administrator. [17][18] Hoover's unpopularity resulted in Roosevelt adopting a cautious campaign strategy, focused on minimizing gaffes and keeping public attention directed towards his opponent. Words like "rationalize," "efficiency," and "technocrat" spoke of heartlessness and a cold-minded concern with an industrial process that had devastated the nation. A Gannett Company. It was not until 1932 that he accepted there was a major problem but even when he took measures to resolve the crisis, like restarting the economy, they did not work, leaving him disliked by much of the country. Herbert Hoover (b. on August 10, 1874, in West Branch, Iowa) was the 31st president of the United States.He served from 1929 to 1933. This meant to let events go their own way and to leave things to take their course. Prohibition was increasingly unpopular, and wets offered the argument that states and localities needed the tax money. 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