was mallory's body removed from everest

. Hes just returned from what seems on the surface to have been a phenomenally successful expedition. In the end, he agreed to take a pay cut in his annual North Face stipend as the price of spending two months on Everest. Everest. He spent three summers here as a boy, when the ranch belonged to his grandfather, and lived here from 1988 to 1992, after his parents built the house they call home now. Tony Smythe has no doubt what his father would think of the modern Everest scene, and the fight that took place on the mountain this spring: "He would have been horrified by the whole thing the razzmatazz and the vast numbers going up there. With Allibone and Sauls out of commission and Chin on his way home, the making of the film was in dire jeopardy. } And on May 1, 1999, with the teams best climbers fanned out across the north face, exploring the search zone, Anker drifted far to the right and below his colleagues, following his intuition about catchment slopes and pockets rather than the eight-page, spiral-bound research manual Hemmleb had given each member. Geffen brought his own pair of professional cameramen, neither of whom was a climber or had more than minimal experience at altitude. The former two were engulfed by the avalanche and buried. Within a few minutes of Mallorys death he, too, has succumbed to the cold. Now, in the spring of 2008, the Sherpa School, based in the village of Phortse, is entering its fifth consecutive year of operation. Perhaps it was Mallory. What we do as certified risk takers . So Frank devised an elaborate plan to make an illegal attempt on his own in 1935 with support from handpicked Sherpas. About a month earlier, Wally and Helga got a surprise phone call in the middle of the night. At the outset of the Shishapangma expedition, Anker was living in Telluride, engaged to be married to Becky Hall, a climber and environmental lawyer. What we can learn from Chernobyl's strays. He tumbled so far down, around 1000 metres, that he came to a place where it was possible to drag his body along the Western Cwm in a sleeping bag. The North face of Everest. He walks slowly and is in evident pain as he climbs the stairs to the second floor, the aftereffects of a serious fight with cancer. Anker takes off his shirt, hoping to fan his scrawny-looking post-Everest torso with the sickliest hint of a breeze. After hed discovered the body in 1999, the team of climbers under Eric Simonsons leadership had gathered what they rather callously called the artifacts, in the process cutting a patch of shoulder skin loose for DNA testing and stripping the body not only of the items Mallory was carrying, but of all that remained of his clothing, which was stuffed into plastic bags and hauled back to Base Camp. Mallorys body was somewhere under all that snow.. I placed three pieces of protection, and then I pulled over the top.. Part of the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday & Metro Media Group. Erin Copland, a spokeswoman for the Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition in Ashford, Wash., also said other artifacts were taken from the body, including "written materials" and a broken rope that strongly suggests Mallory plunged to his death in the ill-fated summit attempt. (Most expeditions get to Everest Base Camp in early April and aim to summit by or before May 20.) Only one ancient account mentions the existence of Xerxes Canal, long thought to be a tall tale. He was wrong. This book will unfortunately be removed from the service on the 14th of May. Per The Sunday Post, an expedition in 2019 sought to find both Irvine's remains and the camera. Mallory's remains were subsequently covered with a. His body was buried in the same location by covering it in stones and debris, a few hours after its discovery. The Sherpas, guided by Ang Phurba and Nuru Gyaljen, untied the ladder, pulled it up and anchored it above the Step, then cut loose and hauled up the collection of 15 or so old fixed ropes that festooned the cliff. This excerpt is from Fascinating Footnotes From History by Giles Milton, published by John Murray. Ever since, Anker had been haunted by the feeling that he had cheated. If Mallory and Irvine did reach the top of Everest, they would also have been the first to successfully do it on the deadly North Face, nearly 40 years before Chinese climbers accomplished the feat in 1960. Describes Mallory's final expedition to Mount Everest in 1924, the mystery surrounding his disappearance, and the discovery of his remains in . The job is only half done if you dont get down again.. Just a few days before his attempt on the summit, Mallorys second climbing partner, Edward Norton, had suffered serious snow-blindness because hed neglected to wear his goggles. . The object proved to be at precisely the point where Mallory and Irvine would have fallen had they rolled on over the scree slopes below the yellow band.. The 1924 expedition was one of three to take place in the early twenties, starting in 1922. George Mallory's camera is a significant part of the mystery surrounding his disappearance on Mount Everest. Now they proved quick studies in a crash course in operating the high-tech cameras. The team hoped they might find Mallorys camera: experts at Kodak had said that the film, though old, might yet be developed. The rest of the team made their way towards him and began chipping the corpse from its frozen resting place. Mallory is rear right. Top Image: Mallory (circled) and other members of the 1924 . There beside the rusty wheelbarrow in the California heat, hes got a faraway look in his eyes. The pairs death was attributed to a fall. This year there was so much snow there, you could have skied it. Frank saw that. He had had a very successful career in international bankinghence the postings all over the world. Despite 75 years passing since Mallory and Irvine disappeared, the odds were good. Frank was somebody who saw the spiritual side of the mountains and he really would have been appalled. What Odell witnessed could have been the climbers either going up or coming down the summit. The original plan had been to go for the summit on June 8, the same day on which Mallory and Irvine had disappeared in 1924. The discovery of Mallorys body was a remark- able find, but the riddle is likely to remain unsolved unless or until the camera is found. } He agreed on the condition that the writer ask him nothing about his personal life. I became more and more engrossed in finding out about this man who I knew very little about." His career is in overdrive. - George Mallory, 1924. . Over the radio, he dictated the time limits for each stage of the operationno more than two hours to be spent on the Second Step, half an hour on the Third Step, a maximum of one hour on the summit, and so on. More tantalizing was an item that the searchers had expected to find on Mallorys body. Of course it was a long way away and very small, but I've a six/six eyesight and do not believe it was a rock. But after two hours of searching, he couldnt find the corpse. The North Face fell all over itself bringing its hero back into the fold. The big question: Did George Mallory and Sandy Irvine get this far . On June 14 sixteen climbers set out from Camp IVsix Westies,as Anker called himself, Leo Houlding, Gerry Moffat, Dean Staples, Kevin Thaw, and Woody Woodwardand ten of the most competent Sherpas on Everest. The detector and digital camera are being used at 27,000 feet on Everest to look for a body found there in 1975. Anker had been extremely close to Lowes family in Bozeman, Montanahis wife, Jenni, and three sons, ages three, seven, and ten, to whom he had become a virtual godfather. Ill be on top in three hours. Confesses Jenni, I was nervous about him falling. We have a happy household. . Lowe and Bridges ran one way, Anker another. But Irvine's body, and the camera he carried, have never been found. (For Staples and Woodward, it was their second summit last spring, which may be a record for Westies.) Mallory's body wasn't found until 1999, when an expedition partially sponsored by Nova and the BBC found the remains on the mountain's north face, at 26,760 feet (8,157 meters)just below. With a top rope, Houlding climbed the Step by a different line, farther left. The precise location of the English dead was never fixed. Conrad, did you let the dogs out?she had called, and, Conrad, I need you to come here a minute,as she struggled with an intransigent panini maker. The two climbers disappeared that day, and it took more than 70 years for anyone to find their bodies. Filming a TV show is a slow processfilming a movie is ten times harder. Where were you guys?, So how did last springs Mallory-Geffen-Anker Everest expedition and film fit into this weltanschauung? I finally did it! Mallory's body was. something of a workaholic,Houlding wrote as early as May 5. At the time, Norgay was one of the most widely-known citizens of his Indian hill town of Darjeeling, which was home to many Sherpas, who made their living helping Westerners climb the Himalayas, according to The New Yorker. Very few of Ankers friends thought the marriage would work. She remembers his peals of delight: I did it, dear, I did it! As of 2022, Irvine, the camera, and the photo of Mallory's wife, have yet to be discovered. Theyre going to look back at us with the same disdain with which we look back on the slaveholders before the Civil War. The other cameraman developed what Anker calls high-altitude malaise, never felt comfortable on the mountain, and ended up going home well before the expedition was over. To be honest,he tells me, I went to Everest because it was good work. But as mountains such as Middle Triple Peak or Latok II or Torre Egger ring a bell only among the cognoscenti, Anker was hardly a household name. And that meeting has always stuck in my memory. Do we improve the lot of the world? he asks rhetorically. When American climber Conrad Anker rediscovered Mallory in 1999, photographs of his remains appeared on newspaper front pages around the world. . Were they the first to climb Everest? Mallorys body is no exception, despite his fame and significance. Early this May, an American expedition found the body of George Mallory just 2,000 feet from the peak. The Real Reason We Can't Find George Mallory's Lost Camera. He rated it at only 5.9. "When we realized that it was George Mallory, we were really blown away by that," climber Dave Hahn said in a dispatch relayed on the Internet by one of the expedition's sponsors, Seattle-based MountainZone.com. With the sun plunging into a murky haze over the Central Valley, the temperature still in the high 90s (36 degrees Celsius), Anker, photographer Pete McBride, and I mosey out to Ankers favorite spot on his parents thousand acres, where he promptly clambers up into the branches of a 200-year-old valley oak. But when the men reached inside the pouch around Mallorys neck, they found only a metal tin of stock cubes: Brand & Co. Savoury Meat Lozenges. Then in 1999, at the last minute, he signed up for an Everest expedition led by Mount Rainier guide Eric Simonson, who intended to search the north side of the mountain for any traces of Mallory or Irvine. "We buried his body beneath stones and rocks.". On June 4, 1924, Mallory and his climbing partner Andrew Irvine left the Advanced Base Camp and set out on their own. Upon closer inspection, he realized he was not looking at a rock, but the bare back of George Mallory. Anthony is . The fact they were in his pocket suggested that the two men had completed their push for the summit in sunlight and were making their descent after dark. . In the future, Sherpas are going to be the leading climbers in the Himalaya. And just a year after the 1999 avalanche on Nepals Shishapangma, Seth Shaw, Ankers partner on several landmark expeditions, was killed in the Ruth Gorge in Alaska. The date had been set, the guest list prepared. Smythe himself, climbing alone after his partner. He dislocated his shoulder and broke two ribs, but survived. Anker wrote Shaws obituary for the American Alpine Journal, which ends, Yes, Seth, we loved your sense of humor and childlike goofiness, but damn, well miss you. But the bond with Jenni was true. In 1995, his grandson, also named George Mallory summited Everest. Now location manager Russell Bricethe most experienced organizer of guided climbs on Everestcame up with a brilliant solution: He pressed into camera service Mark WoodyWoodward and Dean Staples, two guides from his commercial adventure travel company, Himalayan Expeditions. This, he said would be based on the assertion that the Chinese were the first to climb Everests northern side. Mallory had attempted to be the first person to climb Everest, though he had disappeared before anyone found out if he had achieved his goal. 24-years ago George Mallory's body was found on Mt. This turnabout was the talk of the close-knit American climbing world. STDs are at a shocking high. it was their third Everest summit that seasonan unprecedented accomplishment. Over his burrito and nonalcoholic beer, Wally muses, When I was 18, I couldnt wait to get away from here. Smythe often described as the Chris Bonington of his day felt sure it marked the scene of an accident and told Norton why. In The Lost Explorer, Anker had pondered the question of whether the brave duo could have reached the summit in 1924. The 1924 Everest expedition ended in tragedy, but did they conquer the mountain? Synnott also interviewed an unnamed British diplomat who, in 1984, had interviewed the Chinese female climber Pan Duo - who was only the second woman to reach the summit of Everest and the first to do so via the North Face. In 1934 he searched for and found the remains of two Oxford undergraduates, Paul Wand and John Hoyland, who had disappeared in the Alps that summer. George Mallory was an English mountaineer who became obsessed with becoming the first person to climb Mount Everest. I remember when searching for the Oxford men on Mont Blanc we looked down onto a boulder strewn glacier and saw something which wasnt a rock either it proved to be two bodies. According to History Extra, Mallory was an "expert mountaineer" who had first tried to climb Everest in 1921. Nova is also posting online updates throughout the expedition. Mallory would not have dispensed with his goggles if climbing in daylight. Everest Pioneer Sir Edmund Hillary Dies #inline-recirc-item--id-a5fbda08-8c88-11e2-b06b-024c619f5c3d ~ .item:nth-child(5) { Synnott said the information echoed rumours the 2019 team had heard earlier in the expedition, adding: 'We now have multiple sources all essentially saying the same thing: the Chinese found Irvine, removed the body, and are jealously guarding this information from the rest of the world all to protect the claim that the 1960 Chinese team was the first to reach the summit'. There was other evidence as well: a brass altimeter, a pocketknife, a monogrammed handkerchief and a pair of undamaged sun goggles in an inside pocket. It lay face down in the snow, fully extended and pointing uphill. And then, shortly before noon, Anker discovered the body of George Mallory. display: none; He was two years old, Wally delivers. Then, on May 22, the worn-out Sauls came down with a bad case of bronchitis, from which he recovered only well after the expedition had ended. Hell, we climbers should get government stipends for keeping the risk-taking gene pool alive., Anker smiles briefly, then lapses into silence. It's believed he was tied to Irvine and that they had fallen to their deaths. But hey, I knew what I was getting into 20 years ago, when I wanted to be a climber.Another long pause. Author PlatformsArticlesAuthor InterviewsBook ReviewsShort StoriesBook Store, AofH Summer FestivalFounder Members & AffiliatesFor StudentsFor Creative Writing GroupsPublishing ServicesAbout UsContact, Sign up to enter the draw for a book giveaway from a bestselling historian or fiction writer, and receive 3 free books. . We need to be more systematic.. Parts of the film were shot with Anker (playing Mallory) and ace British rock climber Leo Houlding (playing Irvine) dressed in facsimiles of the clothing that the 1924 team woreflannel shirts, wool sweaters, tweed jackets, gabardine knickers, hobnailed leather boots, and the like. But did Ankers free-climbing the Second Step cast any new light on the mystery of Mallory and Irvine? Then a strange thing happened. One person alone has felt able to say whether or not Mallory and Irvine deserve the title of 'conquerors of Everest'. Hoyland was the nephew of Everest veteran and missionary doctor Howard Somervell and among the brightest climbing talents of his generation. He lies at the foot of what he called the Scree Slope, below the Yellow Band, a layer of metamorphosed limestone just below the summit and clearly visible from the North Base Camp. Somewhat naively, Anker did not realize that the pact would not preclude the authors writing about his private life. Trending News On October 5, as Lowe, Anker, and Dave Bridges reconnoitered the bottom of the peaks massive south face, a huge avalanche cut loose thousands of feet above. The Wildest Dream is now in theaters. They reached the Second Step, at 28,300 feet (8,626 meters), just before 7 a.m. All the Sherpas and four Westies climbed the Chinese ladder. It is a story of adventure and tragic error one that ultimately led to his doom. When American climber Conrad Anker rediscovered Mallory in 1999, photographs of his remains appeared on newspaper front pages around the world. Some guides do tip bodies over the edge when they can, in the interests of tidying up, and any corpses left hanging on the ropes are cut away to clear the route. He had spotted a corpse, white as alabaster, sticking out of the ice. Long before Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first people to summit it, Mallory joined a British expedition to reach the top of Mount Everest. The British wanted to beat Sweden to the top of the mountain after Swiss climber Raymond Lambert - also accompanied by Norgay - reached 28,210 feet before turning back due to lack of supplies just a year earlier. It will be many years before we know where Mallory, Irvine and the elusive camera are now. By Harry Howard, History Correspondent For Mailonline, Published: 16:07 BST, 12 May 2022 | Updated: 16:32 BST, 12 May 2022. . For nearly 20 years, his body, located not far from Mount Everest's summit, has served as a grim trail marker for those seeking to conquer the world's highest . Hed almost pulled off the feat but ended up standing on a single ladder rung that blocked the only available foothold. Six feet two inches tall, he came back from Everest weighing only 165 pounds (75 kilograms), down from 180 (82 kilograms). Also revealed by the author is a 1999 email allegedly written by the unnamed diplomat that was sent to Sir Anthony Galsworthy, the then British ambassador to China. For this effort, the team had been roundly criticized, especially in Britain. The thing was hard! Anker soon rated the climb at 5.10, just as he had in 1999. The discovery of Mallory's body was a remark- able find, but the riddle is likely to remain unsolved unless or until the camera is found. Irvines body was never found, though his climbing axe was located roughly 800 feet above Mallorys body. He carried with him a photo of his grandparents. His father left his mother Kathleen in 1938 for Nona Guthrie, whom Smythe met at the home of his close friend Sir Francis Younghusband, the imperialist adventurer. That episode featured in one of Smythe's books about the mountains, but his discovery of a body on Everest remained hidden. Faster and faster he slides until his forehead smashes into a jagged outcrop of rock. Kids need to know that there are still some badasses out there, doing incredibly demanding things to their bodies. Graham was the 15th Briton to Climb Mount Everest. Thats one thingnot drinking and driving, and not sleeping around on the wife . This time the climb was pure. While that's still up for debate, and further research, Mallory's image did make it atop the highest place on Earth. Synnott, said in The Third Pole: Mystery, Obsession, and Death on Mount Everest that one of McGuinness's contacts told him he had 'heard directly' from an official of the China Tibet Mountaineering Association (CTMA) - the body that regulates ascents on China's side of the mountain - that Chinese climbers 'beat us' to where Irvine's body was. History gives the honor to Sir Edmund Hillary in 1953, But, 29 years earlier, the two explorers disappeared on their way to the top. The pair may have been the first to reach the summit of the mountain, This is the famous last image taken of George Mallory (left) and Sandy Irvine before the pair were to disappear into the mists and never be seen again alive again. If youre a multiple Everest summiteer, youre [like] a big-league ballplayer, pretty much guaranteed work every spring and fall. Pain and hypothermia rapidly take over. Irvine, meanwhile, has almost certainly met with a similar fate. Around Mallory's waist was a rope. Just a year or two before, hed been overheard deriding the overcrowded Everest scene as a farce. Most corpses lie where they took their last breath, and I saw five dead bodies when I climbed to the summit. Read about climber Conrad Anker's discovery of George Mallory's body on Everest and the making of the new film The Wildest Dream. By now Anker agreed with the criticism. Synnott said that the diplomat, who wished to remain anonymous, told him that Pan Duo - had said that on the 1975 expedition, the Chinese team that she was part of found the body of Irvine and his camera. Just three months after Everest, he went on an expedition to Shishapangma, another 8,000-meter peak, with his best friend and closest climbing partner, Alex Lowe (regarded at the time by many as the worlds finest mountaineer). Gollancz warned him that if he just wrote for climbers he'd never get back a fraction of his advance. He. And I realized that the Khumbu Valley had beautiful water ice climbing in the early spring.. The body was allegedly then taken off the mountain before taking it back to Lhasa, in Tibet, 'where it is kept under lock and key with other Mallory artefacts, including the VPK'. Everest. A formidable German woman in her early 70s, Helga, as I had already noticed, tends to treat her son as though he were still her teenage helper. But evidence has surfaced that Mallorys body may have been found more than sixty years earlier, during a 1936 expedition. Although a member of the Alpine Club, Frank was viewed with suspicion by the mountaineering establishment, not least for his success as a bestselling author. But the US man, Wayne Wilcox, added in his email to Sinnott: 'They screwed up the development of the film and ruined it. Anker and 15 teammates, including ten Sherpas, made the summit on the extraordinarily late date of June 14, just as the monsoon that shuts down Everest through each summer began to smother the peak. In 2007 Anker climbed the mountain (his second time) via the North Col and north ridge. #inline-recirc-item--id-a5fbda08-8c88-11e2-b06b-024c619f5c3d, #right-rail-recirc-item--id-a5fbda08-8c88-11e2-b06b-024c619f5c3d { His narrow-set eyes always give Anker an intense look, but now, at age 45, the vertical creases above the bridge of his nose look deeper than Ive ever seen them, painting his face with a fixed, querulous frown. Later hell email me, Visiting my folks is nice, but I wouldnt qualify it as relaxing.. Anker did not handle the breakup with Hall very well, and the two are not on speaking terms today. When I grew up there was a family story that Smythe, who had recovered my uncle Johns body from Mont Blanc, had seen something very similar when he was looking through a telescope from Everests North Base Camp a dead body on a mountain. Malloryhad disappeared some 75 years earlier, while trying to become the first person to scale Mount Everest, and now, an expedition searching for his remains had found them, at the foot of the Northeast Ridge, mummified and frozen solid. - George Mallory, 1924 No one knows exactly how many bodies remain on Mount Everest today, but there are certainly more than 200. Part boulder, part myth, part treasure, one of Europes most enigmatic artifacts will return to the global stage May 6. I know from my nine expeditions to Mount Everest that other dead bodies lying on the standard route up the North side of the mountain have been tidied up, that is, pushed over the edge by guides keen to avoid unnerving their clients. If I got worked up about all the stuff in articles and on websites, Id be a neurotic wreck., With their deliberate plan to climb Everest as late as possible last spring, the Anker-Geffen expedition did not arrive at Base Camp below the Rongbuk Glacier until the unusually late date of May 7. As the team slowly worked its way up the mountain, it had crossed paths almost daily with jubilant climbers from other parties returning victorious from the summit. This is why Mallorys body wasnt recovered in 1999. Kodak experts have surmised that if found, the film could very well be developed. They had a few clues to help them in their search. However, this is unlikely to have happened to Mallorys corpse, as he lay far from any climbing route, and was buried under a pile of rocks. . Then I went back at it. The fear that the Team had waited too long, that the monsoon would cancel their summit chances, gripped the climbers as early as May 25, when teammate Gerry Moffat reported from the North Col, The notorious jet stream [has] arrived and Everest [has] taken on a new and frightening persona. Monitoring the weather by precision forecasts sent from Chamonix, France, however, Russell Brice reassured the members that the monsoon was still weeks away. To approach a question 400 million years in the making, researchers turned to mudskippers, blinking fish that live partially out of water. It would have been less of a mess if Id gotten out earlier. I went to a talk by [Everest guide] Kenton Cool the other night. The arms, still muscular, were outstretched above the head. Most important, no one suffered a serious injury on an ascent made all the more perilous by the dual pressures of climbing the worlds highest mountain and filming a movie at the same time. Tony Smythe agrees: "He was very touchy and would easily offend. Copyright 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. Those who think the unlucky pair may have been the first to the summit want to find the camera because a photograph of one of them on the top would be proof positive. Unlikely, as the body lay in the same spot between 1924 and 1999 without shifting an inch. You were always motivated, and you were stronger than all of us., Those losses are all the more poignant due to the fact that all three occurred in. His body was 'buried' in the same location by covering it in stones and debris, a few hours after its discovery. The three-day stubble, the never combed sandy brown hair exploding in unruly tufts stamp the mans habitual appearance. George Mallory's corpse was found 75 years after his 1924 death. Average Temperatures. To put it another waywhats the greatest mistake of your life?, Theres an even longer pause. I seem to recall that we were told there had been nothing on it. He looks gaunt. Mount Washington in New Hampshire? . Andrew Irvine, Mallorys climbing partner. He fell out with the physiologist Thomas Graham Brown, with whom he did his most famous Alpine climbs. Whether or not they achieved this goal has been the subject of intense speculation for nearly 100 years. Even experts from Kodak have stated that if the camera was ever found, the film could likely still . Get the latest stories in your inbox every weekday. Anker would have preferred to keep all of his private life from the public eye. Wang reported the find to his climbing partner shortly before being swept away by an avalanche. Going up the crack, Anker recounted later, I actually slipped. ", Son of mountaineer Frank Smythe tells how his father spotted the remains but decided he had to keep quiet, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. Inside South Africas skeleton trade. (I later learn it has become a kind of mantra he tries to live by.) This is the third and final part of Philip Summers and Ajay Dandekar's series on the baffling and enduring mystery surrounding the death of mountaineers George Mallory and Andrew . "I found it in the back of a diary," Smythe says. . The sentence trails off unfinished. Chomolungma, or Mother Mountain, takes away her children. But on Mount Everest it is a name that has a macabre, In 2006 I met David Sharp at Advanced Base Camp on Mount Everest and later listened on the, Before Mount Everest was discovered, there were many mountains in the past presumed to be the highest in, how many dead bodies are on Everest, and why they stay there, Climbing Mount Everest With Brian Blessed The Story, How Cold Is Mount Everest Really? In his raspy whisper, almost inaudible, he confesses, I guess the whole scene with Becky. We got caught in a June snowstorm., Theyre a tight clan, these Ankers. They are known to quickly adapt to higher altitudes, where oxygen levels are low. It was sent just days after Mallory's body had been discovered. His life is a soap opera. And I was surprised to learn that hed also become a Buddhist late in life. Mallory had attempted to be the first person to climb Everest, but he disappeared before anyone found out if he had achieved his goal.

How To Remove Drawer From Maytag Pedestal, Articles W