Authors: Dimitrije Cabarkapa 1, Andrew C. Fry 1, and Eric M. Mosier 2, 1Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA2 Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO, USA, Corresponding Author:Dimitrije Cabarkapa, MS, CSCS, NSCA-CPT, USAWJayhawk Athletic Performance LaboratoryUniversity of Kansas1301 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047dcabarkapa@ku.edu785-864-5552. /* Link Bottom Left */ n%4$(aH:F7nF?l%\Ln12m/DnL_2#}b_erD@AP3+\3Um#@m&&IgNm [?VSTy4)GLt|m*4%DihJ]T^d*SRuhXZW~&eH=)YFGECq n: & Much of the power for kicking a football comes from the action of straightening your knee. To appropriately prescribe and design resistance training programs, coaches should be aware of the biomechanical characteristics of various sport-specific motions and the physiological requirements of each playing position (8), which would ultimately lead to the development of optimal individually tailored resistance training programs and provide quarterbacks with an opportunity to improve their throwing performance. The hip's bones are the femur and pelvic girdle, which form a ball and socket joint. Biceps brachii presents with peak activity during flexion of the elbow in the late cocking phase as it limits anterior translation and compression forces of the humeral head. Although there are many types of kick, the variant most widely reported in the literature is the maximum velocity instep kick of a stationary ball. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. Hip flexion is the largest joint action when kicking a football, because it starts from a position of extension and finishes with a significant follow-through. A substantial amount of kinetic energy is transmitted to the shoulder, approximately 80% of body weight, from the lower extremities and trunk rotation. The large muscles of the legs and lower body, such as the calves, quadriceps, hamstrings and glutes, all help to drive and provide power as you step into the throw. 169-174). The core muscles of the abdominals and obliques are involved in the balance and weight transfer of the throwing motion. Based on our findings, peak ground reaction forces for the rear/right leg were noticeably greater when compared to the front/left leg. Swinging your femur forward from your hip is a movement called hip flexion. Baseball pitching demonstrated a greater and earlier occurrence of upper torso rotation, elbow extension, and shoulder internal rotation when compared to a standard quarterback throwing motion (3). In contrast, several other skills, such as throwing-in and goalkeeping, have received little attention; some, for example passing and trapping the ball, tackling, falling behaviour, jumping, running, sprinting, starting, stopping and changing direction, have not been the subject of any detailed biomechanical investigation. The standing partici-pants used two different throwing techniques (see supplementary figure 1) with each hand: (A) Thedart throw, involving vigorous elbow joint extension and some shoulder joint flexion (Lohse,Sherwood, & Healy,2010; Nakagawa et al.,2013). By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Cocking - Anterior subluxation, internal impingement, glenoid labrum lesions, subacromial impingement. Follow Through - Tear of the superior aspect of glenoid labrum at the origin of the biceps tendon, subacromial impingement. This phase begins from the point where the stride leg contacts the ground to the point of maximum external rotation of the throwing arm. 3099067 A question often asked is to identify the Agonist, Antagonist, Fixator & Synergist Muscles. A speed radar (Country Technology, Gray Mills, WI) was used to capture the velocity of each football throw. The ankle bones are the tibia and calcaneus, which form a modified joint. Another important factor that needs to be considered is the amount of time required for completion of the throwing motion. When reflecting on the nature of American football, quarterbacks are required to achieve an optimal throwing motion within a minimal amount of time while under a considerable amount of pressure (7). A study was done by Gowan et al. Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. Its long head origin is the infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, its lateral heads origin is above the radial sulcus, and its medial head is below the radial sulcus and its insertion is the olecranon process of ulna. Additionally, further research should consider utilizing three-dimensional markerless motion tracking systems to optimize kinetic and kinematic data collection and decrease a margin of error that may be attributed by a certain degree of video distortion. Biomechanics of the elbow in the throwing athlete. The knee bones involved are the femur and tibia, which form a hinge joint. Standing still and throw (SST), one-step right left (1SRL), one-step left right (1SLR), three-step straight ahead (3SSA), three-step shot gun (3SSG), five-step throw (5ST). 2 0 obj The knee bones involved are the femur and tibia, which form a hinge joint. Injuries to the shoulder are most common baseball pitching and more particularly in the late cocking and deceleration phase[15]. . Figure 4. Having a basic understanding of the kinetic and kinematic characteristics of the most utilized quarterback throwing approaches may help athletic trainers and strength and conditioning professionals enhance on-field performance and minimize risk of non-contact injuries. During the flight of the ball, the initial angle and speed have a very important role in the success of the shot from the direct free kick, just as gravity and aerodynamics are responsible for the diversity of the balloons trajectory; at low speed gravity dominates and only the Galilean parabola is observed, at high speed the aerodynamics becomes preponderant and the trajectory starts to depend on the rotation of the balloon, without rotation it goes straight or zigzags, depending on the laminar nature or turbulent of its boundary layer. The large arm muscles of the triceps, biceps and forearm are involved in the throwing motion, especially once you begin the throw. Kinetic, velocity, and timing variables for the examined quarterback throwing approaches. Key Words: sport performance, American football, force, resistance training. Throwing is also considered one of the fastest human motions performed, and maximum humeral internal rotation velocity reaches about 7000 to 7500/second[2]. Scott R. Johnson, Pamela J. Wojnar, William J. You need lower-body strength in order to kick a football. Citation2012), foot contact with the ball, and follow-up (Barfield Citation1998), the kicking procedure can also be divided into five essential aspects: kicking. According to Kelly, the pectoralis major, lats or latisimus dorsi and the subscapularis are most responsible for velocity during the throw. Deceleration - Labral tears at the attachment of long head of biceps, subluxation of the long head of biceps by tearing off a transverse ligament, lesions of the rotator cuff. and then to recover so that they can do it again some 30 seconds later! % HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 3 0 obj Handball throwing motion was found to be analogous to football throwing motion except for a greater humeral rotation (4). The site is secure. The arm acceleration phase begins at maximum shoulder external rotation and ends at ball release [3]. Lower-extremity ground reaction forces in collegiate baseball pitchers. During the setup or cock phase, only the bicep and forearm muscles are at work, but as you begin to drive and throw the ball, the triceps help to push your arm through while the biceps and forearm help finish the follow-through. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERyWx46e7BQ, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEpdoAZiHWQ, https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Throwing_Biomechanics&oldid=291238, The pitcher is facing the batter with the baseball concealed away from the batter and in the glove, and both the feet are in contact with the ground. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Standing still and throw (SST), one-step right left (1SRL), one-step left right (1SLR), three-step straight ahead (3SSA), three-step shot gun (3SSG), five-step throw (5ST). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Kelly, et al. Ground reaction forces may be enhanced with a greater number of drop steps, which may ultimately increase quarterback throwing distance. Incidence, mechanisms, and severity of match-related collegiate women's soccer injuries on FieldTurf and natural grass surfaces: a 5-year prospective study. Brunnstrom's clinical kinesiology. As for studies concerned with motion analysis Motion and EMG Analysis of Soccer-ball Heading for the Lateral Direction Shunsuke Sunami* and Takeo Maruyama** *Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University 1-4-12 Kojirakawamachi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-8560 Japan sunami@kdw.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp For each throwing approach, all the devices recorded the data simultaneously. Most actions are rotational in the transverse plane, and longitudinal axis and the three joints concerned are the wrist, elbow and shoulder. Follow-through is the phase where the body continues to move forward until the arm has ceased motion. Foot Ankle Clin. Would you like email updates of new search results? The flight of the ball phase: the ball flight time has a statistically significant correlation of 0.781 and a contribution rate of 61% (p<0.01), the take-off angle has a correlation of 0.608 and a contribution rate of 37% (p<0.01), the ball speed has a significant correlation of 0.582 and a rate 34% (p<0.01), while (Hong etal. Dx\UhrGhL)jt34j Young, W.B. It is known that team sports like football are very complex because of the parameters they bring into play. A comparative electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during pitching professionally versus amateur pitchers. However, some of the first coaching points a young quarterback receives is to stay balanced, drive with the back foot, step into the throw and follow through.

About the author